Managed Service for Apache Airflow (formerly Cloud Composer) DAG troubleshooting guide

This skill provides instructions for troubleshooting Managed Airflow DAGs (DAG runs and task instances), utilizing gcloud composer, gcloud logging and gcloud storage commands to fetch remote logs and code.

General rules

1. Provide suggestions on how to troubleshoot the failed jobs. Provide only the steps that the user can actually take. Ground all troubleshooting advice in direct findings.

2. When troubleshooting a failure, follow the following practices to always provide a deterministic diagnosis:

   • Fetch relevant logs: Always fetch the logs for a task under investigation using gcloud logging read; check the logs for specific error patterns: Python tracebacks, API error codes (e.g., 400, 403, 404, 500), or Airflow signals (e.g., AirflowTaskTimeout).

   • Fetch task metadata: When troubleshooting a task, fetch the task state and metadata (execution state, try number, timestamps, and execution details) using:

     gcloud composer environments run {env_name} \
         --location {location} \
         tasks states-for-dag-run -- -d {dag_id} -r {run_id}
     

     or for an individual task instance:

     gcloud composer environments run {env_name} \
         --location {location} \
         tasks state -- {dag_id} {task_id} {execution_date}
     

   • Retrieve and compare DAG source code: Download the remote DAG source code using gcloud storage cp gs://{bucket_name}/dags/{dag_file}.py . (find the environment bucket via gcloud composer environments describe {env_name} --location {location} --format="value(config.dagGcsPrefix)"). Compare the parameters in the code (e.g., table IDs, disk sizes, URI paths) against the error messages found in the task logs.

   • Explain code mistakes and potential fixes: Explain mistakes in the code (if any are actually visible); suggest potential fixes (if they are very likely to be meaningful); discuss source code availability if needed - if some source code is unavailable (e.g. imported from a file other than the main source code file), mention this (you can mention the package name) - in such a case take into account most likely trigger rules if they are unknown.

   • Check for environment-level errors: Query Cloud Logging with gcloud logging read to see if there are high-level environment issues or known platform errors correlating with the failure (see Known issues below). You MUST return ALL found issues.

   • Identify failing tasks in a DAG run: When troubleshooting a failed DAG run, mention the task that caused a failure (use tasks states-for-dag-run or Cloud Logging to identify failed tasks). Provide a task instance name. If many tasks failed, mention which task was critical (mandatory for successful DAG run execution - look into task dependencies and trigger rules) and focus on this one.

   • Verify service configurations in code: If logs suggest an issue with a specific service (e.g., BigQuery, Dataform, Compute Engine), use the log details to verify the configuration in the DAG source code.

   • Correlate logs with code: E.g., if BigQuery returns a 404, verify the dataset ID or table ID in the DAG source code matches reality.

   • Prioritize known platform issues: Check against Known issues below. If Cloud Logging queries return matching platform error signals, prioritize that diagnosis.

3. Summarize with Evidence (Deterministic Response): Your response must be specific. Avoid general advice like 'check your permissions.' or 'check the logs.' Instead, say 'The service account is missing X permission.'

   • Problem: State the specific root cause and the exact task instance ID. Identify if it is a code logic error, a configuration mismatch, or an environment timeout.
   • Evidence: Mandatory. Provide the verbatim text from the log (textPayload) or the specific line of code from the DAG that caused the failure. Do not summarize the evidence; show the data.
   • Recommendation: Provide an actionable fix. If it is a code error, provide the corrected Python snippet. If it is a resource issue, specify the exact configuration change needed.

4. DAGs Generated by Orchestration Pipelines: Some DAGs may be generated by Orchestration Pipelines. A special requirement related to those DAGs is the need to explain the failure in terms of the logical actions defined in the pipeline YAML.

   • Determine if a DAG is generated by Orchestration Pipelines: Orchestration Pipeline DAGs deployed by dedicated tools have bundle_name, version_id, and pipeline_name set in their DAG Run metadata (DagRun.note that contains JSON metadata). All of them (i.e. Orchestration Pipeline DAGs deployed by dedicated tools and created manually) have an op:orchestration_pipeline tag set (DAG properties, including tags, can be verified in the DAG source code or via gcloud composer environments run {env_name} --location {location} dags list).
   • Orchestration Pipeline DAGs deployed by dedicated tools have additionally the following tags (information in those tags should be consistent with data in DAG Run attributes mentioned above):
     • pipeline name - tag op:pipeline, e.g. op:pipeline:xyz indicates a name xyz
     • bundle name - tag op:bundle
     • version id - tag op:version
   • Retrieve the resolved pipeline YAML definition from the environment bucket:
     • Determine the YAML file location:
       1. Retrieve the DAG source code from the environment bucket using gcloud storage cp gs://{bucket_name}/dags/{dag_file}.py . (or gcloud storage cat gs://{bucket_name}/dags/{dag_file}.py).
       2. Inspect the source code for generate or generate_dags function calls:
          • Scenario 1: generate call found. The first argument is the path to the YAML file - relative to the dags folder in environment's bucket.
          • Scenario 2: generate_dags call found.
            • Extract the first argument - this is the data folder. If it starts with /home/airflow/gcs/, remove this prefix to get a path relative to the root of environment's bucket.
            • Extract bundle_name, version_id, and pipeline_name (as explained above).
            • Construct the path: {data_directory}/{bundle_name}/versions/{version_id}/{pipeline_name}.yml (or .yaml).
          • Scenario 3: If neither call is found, default to the path: data/{bundle_name}/versions/{version_id}/{pipeline_name}.yml (or .yaml) in an environment's bucket.
       3. Download the YAML file using gcloud storage cp gs://{bucket_name}/{yaml_path} . (or gcloud storage cat gs://{bucket_name}/{yaml_path}).
   • Map the failed Airflow task back to the logical action name using task instance metadata/notes (e.g. op_action_name in task note).
   • If the failure involves user assets (like Python scripts), check their path in the action definition. If they are in the environment bucket, download and read them to debug (gcloud storage cp gs://{bucket_name}/{asset_path} .). If they are in a custom artifact bucket (see GCS URIs in logs/config), note the limitation that they cannot be read directly but analyze based on available logs.

5. You can assume that environment variables set by default (they can be used in DAG code, but are not visible in custom environment configuration), e.g. GCS_BUCKET, are correct - users cannot change them.

6. "Not found" (404) errors from GCP APIs can be misleading. A "not found" error might be returned when a resource actually exists, but the caller does not have permissions to access or view it. If a resource is expected to exist, suggest verifying proper permissions.

Important constraints & instructions

• Read-Only First: Do NOT attempt to fix the code immediately. You must first prove the root cause using logs and remote code.
• No Speculation: If logs are empty or code cannot be found, state this clearly. Always reference error messages as the are.
• Safety: Be careful with secrets. If logs contain sensitive information (e.g. passwords), redact it in your analysis.

Applying Fixes - only if explicitly requested

When the RCA is complete and a fix is ready:

1. Repository Check: If the current workspace does not seem to be the source of truth for the Managed Airflow environment:
   • Ask the user to open the correct repository.
   • OR ask if they want to download the remote DAG to the current workspace to apply the fix (warning them about potential overwrites).

Relevant gcloud commands

Environment & DAG Discovery

• List composer environments:

  gcloud composer environments list \
      --locations=us-central1 \
      --format="table(name,location,state)"
  

• Describe environment (get DAGs bucket and config):

  gcloud composer environments describe {env_name} \
      --location {region} \
      --format="value(config.dagGcsPrefix)"
  

• List composer DAGs:

  gcloud composer environments run {env_name} \
      --location {region} \
      dags list
  

• List composer DAG Runs:

  gcloud composer environments run {env_name} \
      --location {region} \
      dags list-runs -- -d {dag_id} --no-backfill
  

• List task instance states for a DAG run:

  gcloud composer environments run {env_name} \
      --location {region} \
      tasks states-for-dag-run -- -d {dag_id} -r {run_id}
  

• Get state of a specific task instance:

  gcloud composer environments run {env_name} \
      --location {region} \
      tasks state -- {dag_id} {task_id} {execution_date}
  

Log Retrieval

• Fetch error logs for a DAG / Task:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND labels.dag_id="{dag_id}" AND severity>=ERROR' \
      --limit=25 \
      --format="table(timestamp,severity,labels.task_id,textPayload)"
  

• Fetch scheduler logs for environment failures:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND log_id("airflow-scheduler") AND severity>=ERROR' \
      --limit=25 \
      --format="table(timestamp,severity,textPayload)"
  

Code & Asset Retrieval

• Download DAG code from GCS:

  gcloud storage cp gs://{bucket_name}/dags/{dag_file}.py .
  

• Download pipeline YAML definition or script from GCS:

  gcloud storage cp gs://{bucket_name}/{path_to_file} .
  

Known issues related to DAG runs and task instances

Use gcloud logging read with the queries below to identify specific known platform failure modes:

1. DAG_RUN_TIMEOUT

• Issue summary: The task instance execution was interrupted because a timeout for a DAG was exceeded. Unfinished tasks were marked as 'SKIPPED' or failed.

• Cloud Logging Query:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND log_id("airflow-scheduler") AND textPayload=~"Run .* of .* has timed-out"' --limit=10
  

2. TASK_QUEUED_TIMEOUT

• Issue summary: Task failed because it remained queued longer than the maximum allowed queue time.

• Cloud Logging Query:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND log_id("airflow-scheduler") AND textPayload=~"Task requeue attempts exceeded max; marking failed"' --limit=10
  

• Remediation: Consider increasing worker resources (CPU, memory, worker count) or adjusting [celery]worker_concurrency.

3. TASK_STUCK_IN_QUEUE

• Issue summary: Task reached DAG run timeout because task was stuck in queue for too long.

• Cloud Logging Query:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND log_id("airflow-scheduler") AND textPayload=~"Task stuck in queued; will try to requeue"' --limit=10
  

• Remediation: Consider increasing the timeout or reducing the load on the environment.

4. BIGQUERY_JOB_FAILED

• Issue summary: Task failed because of a BigQuery job failure inside a BigQuery operator.

• Cloud Logging Query:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND (log_id("airflow-worker") OR log_id("airflow-k8s-worker")) AND textPayload:"airflow/providers/google/cloud/operators/bigquery.py" AND textPayload:"Task failed with exception" AND severity=ERROR' --limit=10
  

• Remediation: Inspect the worker logs for the BigQuery Job ID (Job ID: ...) to diagnose the underlying query error or permissions issue.

5. DETECTED_ZOMBIE

• Issue summary: The task instance was revoked by the executor due to missing heartbeats. Task instances send heartbeats periodically (every job_heartbeat_sec, 5 seconds by default) and if heartbeats are missing for scheduler_zombie_task_threshold (300 seconds by default), the task is considered a zombie and marked as failed or up for retry.

• Cloud Logging Query:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND log_id("airflow-scheduler") AND (textPayload:"Detected zombie job:" OR textPayload:"Detected a task instance without a heartbeat:")' --limit=10
  

• Remediation: This can happen when a worker is overloaded (CPU/memory starvation) and unable to send heartbeats on time, a worker was terminated with unfinished tasks (OOM kill/eviction), or the metadata database is overloaded. Check worker metrics and consider scaling worker CPU/memory.

6. WORKER_OUT_OF_POD_STORAGE

• Issue summary: Task instance failed because a worker is running out of pod storage (ephemeral disk space reached or pod evicted due to storage limits).

• Cloud Logging Query:

  gcloud logging read 'resource.type="cloud_composer_environment" AND resource.labels.environment_name="{env_name}" AND (log_id("airflow-worker") OR log_id("airflow-k8s-worker")) AND textPayload:"Pod ephemeral local storage usage exceeds the total limit of containers"' --limit=10
  

• Remediation: Update the worker storage configuration according to the amount of data being stored or clean up temporary files created during task execution.