C4 Mermaid Diagram Syntax Reference

Complete syntax reference for Mermaid C4 diagrams. Compatible with PlantUML C4 syntax.

Table of Contents

1. Diagram Types
2. System Context Elements
3. Container Elements
4. Component Elements
5. Deployment Elements
6. Relationship Types
7. Boundaries
8. Styling
9. Layout Configuration
10. Parameter Syntax
11. Complete Examples
12. Mermaid Limitations

Diagram Types

Start each diagram with the appropriate type declaration:

System Context Elements

Person

Person(alias, label, ?descr)
Person_Ext(alias, label, ?descr)    # External person

System

System(alias, label, ?descr)
System_Ext(alias, label, ?descr)    # External system
SystemDb(alias, label, ?descr)      # Database system
SystemDb_Ext(alias, label, ?descr)  # External database
SystemQueue(alias, label, ?descr)   # Message queue
SystemQueue_Ext(alias, label, ?descr)

Container Elements

Container

Container(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
Container_Ext(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ContainerDb(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ContainerDb_Ext(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ContainerQueue(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ContainerQueue_Ext(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)

Component Elements

Component

Component(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
Component_Ext(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ComponentDb(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ComponentDb_Ext(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ComponentQueue(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)
ComponentQueue_Ext(alias, label, ?techn, ?descr)

Deployment Elements

Deployment Node

Deployment_Node(alias, label, ?type, ?descr) { ... }
Node(alias, label, ?type, ?descr) { ... }      # Shorthand
Node_L(alias, label, ?type, ?descr) { ... }    # Left-aligned
Node_R(alias, label, ?type, ?descr) { ... }    # Right-aligned

Deployment nodes can be nested:

C4Deployment
  title Nested Deployment Nodes

  Deployment_Node(dc, "Data Center", "Physical") {
    Deployment_Node(server, "Web Server", "Ubuntu 22.04") {
      Container(app, "Application", "Node.js", "Serves API")
    }
  }

Relationship Types

Basic Relationships

Rel(from, to, label)
Rel(from, to, label, ?techn)
Rel(from, to, label, ?techn, ?descr)

Bidirectional

BiRel(from, to, label)
BiRel(from, to, label, ?techn)

Directional Hints

Rel_U(from, to, label)    # Upward
Rel_Up(from, to, label)   # Upward (alias)
Rel_D(from, to, label)    # Downward
Rel_Down(from, to, label) # Downward (alias)
Rel_L(from, to, label)    # Leftward
Rel_Left(from, to, label) # Leftward (alias)
Rel_R(from, to, label)    # Rightward
Rel_Right(from, to, label)# Rightward (alias)
Rel_Back(from, to, label) # Reverse direction

Dynamic Diagram Relationships

RelIndex(index, from, to, label)

Note: Index parameter is ignored; sequence determined by statement order.

Boundaries

Enterprise Boundary

Enterprise_Boundary(alias, label) {
  # Systems and people go here
}

System Boundary

System_Boundary(alias, label) {
  # Containers go here
}

Container Boundary

Container_Boundary(alias, label) {
  # Components go here
}

Generic Boundary

Boundary(alias, label, ?type) {
  # Elements go here
}

Styling

Update Element Style

UpdateElementStyle(elementAlias, $bgColor, $fontColor, $borderColor, $shadowing, $shape)

Available parameters (all optional, use $name=value syntax):

• $bgColor - Background color
• $fontColor - Text color
• $borderColor - Border color
• $shadowing - Enable/disable shadow
• $shape - Element shape

Update Relationship Style

UpdateRelStyle(from, to, $textColor, $lineColor, $offsetX, $offsetY)

Available parameters:

• $textColor - Label text color
• $lineColor - Line color
• $offsetX - Horizontal label offset (pixels)
• $offsetY - Vertical label offset (pixels)

Tip: Use $offsetX and $offsetY to fix overlapping relationship labels:

C4Context
  Person(user, "User")
  System(api, "API")

  Rel(user, api, "Uses", "HTTPS")
  UpdateRelStyle(user, api, $offsetY="-20")

Layout Configuration

UpdateLayoutConfig($c4ShapeInRow, $c4BoundaryInRow)

• $c4ShapeInRow - Number of shapes per row (default: 4)
• $c4BoundaryInRow - Number of boundaries per row (default: 2)

Example - Reduce crowding:

C4Context
  title Less Crowded Layout

  UpdateLayoutConfig($c4ShapeInRow="2", $c4BoundaryInRow="1")

  Person(user, "User")
  System(sys1, "System 1")
  System(sys2, "System 2")

Parameter Syntax

Two ways to pass optional parameters:

Positional (in order)

Rel(customerA, bankA, "Uses", "HTTPS")
UpdateRelStyle(customerA, bankA, "red", "blue", "-40", "60")

Named (with $ prefix, any order)

UpdateRelStyle(customerA, bankA, $offsetX="-40", $offsetY="60", $lineColor="blue")

Complete Examples

C4Context Example

C4Context
  title System Context diagram for Internet Banking System

  Enterprise_Boundary(b0, "Bank") {
    Person(customer, "Banking Customer", "A customer with bank accounts")
    System(bankingSystem, "Internet Banking System", "View accounts and make payments")

    Enterprise_Boundary(b1, "Internal Systems") {
      SystemDb_Ext(mainframe, "Mainframe", "Core banking data")
      System_Ext(email, "E-mail System", "Microsoft Exchange")
    }
  }

  BiRel(customer, bankingSystem, "Uses")
  Rel(bankingSystem, mainframe, "Reads/writes", "JDBC")
  Rel(bankingSystem, email, "Sends emails", "SMTP")
  Rel(email, customer, "Sends emails to")

  UpdateLayoutConfig($c4ShapeInRow="3", $c4BoundaryInRow="1")

C4Container Example

C4Container
  title Container diagram for Internet Banking System

  Person(customer, "Customer", "Bank customer with accounts")
  System_Ext(email, "E-Mail System", "Microsoft Exchange")
  System_Ext(mainframe, "Mainframe Banking System", "Core banking")

  Container_Boundary(c1, "Internet Banking") {
    Container(spa, "Single-Page App", "JavaScript, Angular", "Banking UI")
    Container(mobile, "Mobile App", "C#, Xamarin", "Mobile banking")
    Container(api, "API Application", "Java, Spring MVC", "Banking API")
    ContainerDb(db, "Database", "SQL Server", "User data, logs")
  }

  Rel(customer, spa, "Uses", "HTTPS")
  Rel(customer, mobile, "Uses")
  Rel(spa, api, "Uses", "JSON/HTTPS")
  Rel(mobile, api, "Uses", "JSON/HTTPS")
  Rel(api, db, "Reads/writes", "JDBC")
  Rel(api, mainframe, "Uses", "XML/HTTPS")
  Rel(api, email, "Sends emails", "SMTP")

C4Component Example

C4Component
  title Component diagram for API Application

  Container(spa, "Single Page App", "Angular", "Banking UI")
  ContainerDb(db, "Database", "SQL Server", "User data")
  System_Ext(mainframe, "Mainframe", "Core banking")

  Container_Boundary(api, "API Application") {
    Component(signIn, "Sign In Controller", "Spring MVC", "User authentication")
    Component(accounts, "Accounts Controller", "Spring MVC", "Account operations")
    Component(security, "Security Component", "Spring Bean", "Auth logic")
    Component(facade, "Mainframe Facade", "Spring Bean", "Mainframe integration")
  }

  Rel(spa, signIn, "Uses", "JSON/HTTPS")
  Rel(spa, accounts, "Uses", "JSON/HTTPS")
  Rel(signIn, security, "Uses")
  Rel(accounts, facade, "Uses")
  Rel(security, db, "Reads/writes", "JDBC")
  Rel(facade, mainframe, "Uses", "XML/HTTPS")

C4Dynamic Example

C4Dynamic
  title Dynamic diagram - User Sign In Flow

  ContainerDb(db, "Database", "SQL Server", "User credentials")
  Container(spa, "Single-Page App", "Angular", "Banking UI")

  Container_Boundary(api, "API Application") {
    Component(signIn, "Sign In Controller", "Spring MVC", "Authentication endpoint")
    Component(security, "Security Component", "Spring Bean", "Validates credentials")
  }

  Rel(spa, signIn, "1. Submit credentials", "JSON/HTTPS")
  Rel(signIn, security, "2. Validate")
  Rel(security, db, "3. Query user", "JDBC")

C4Deployment Example

C4Deployment
  title Deployment Diagram - Production

  Deployment_Node(mobile, "Customer's Mobile", "iOS/Android") {
    Container(mobileApp, "Mobile App", "Xamarin", "Mobile banking")
  }

  Deployment_Node(browser, "Customer's Browser", "Chrome/Firefox") {
    Container(spa, "SPA", "Angular", "Web banking")
  }

  Deployment_Node(dc, "Data Center", "AWS") {
    Deployment_Node(web, "Web Tier", "EC2") {
      Container(api, "API", "Spring Boot", "Banking API")
    }
    Deployment_Node(data, "Data Tier", "RDS") {
      ContainerDb(db, "Database", "PostgreSQL", "Banking data")
    }
  }

  Rel(mobileApp, api, "API calls", "HTTPS")
  Rel(spa, api, "API calls", "HTTPS")
  Rel(api, db, "Reads/writes", "JDBC")

E-commerce Microservices Example

C4Container
  title E-commerce Platform - Container Diagram

  Person(customer, "Customer", "Online shopper")
  Person(admin, "Admin", "Store manager")

  System_Ext(payment, "Stripe", "Payment processing")
  System_Ext(shipping, "FedEx API", "Shipping rates")

  Container_Boundary(platform, "E-commerce Platform") {
    Container(web, "Web App", "React", "Customer storefront")
    Container(adminApp, "Admin Portal", "React", "Management UI")
    Container(gateway, "API Gateway", "Kong", "Routes and auth")

    Container(orderSvc, "Order Service", "Node.js", "Order processing")
    Container(productSvc, "Product Service", "Go", "Product catalog")
    Container(userSvc, "User Service", "Java", "Authentication")

    ContainerDb(orderDb, "Order DB", "PostgreSQL", "Orders")
    ContainerDb(productDb, "Product DB", "MongoDB", "Products")
    ContainerDb(userDb, "User DB", "PostgreSQL", "Users")
    ContainerDb(cache, "Cache", "Redis", "Session data")
  }

  Rel(customer, web, "Browses", "HTTPS")
  Rel(admin, adminApp, "Manages", "HTTPS")
  Rel(web, gateway, "API calls", "JSON/HTTPS")
  Rel(adminApp, gateway, "API calls", "JSON/HTTPS")

  Rel(gateway, orderSvc, "Routes to", "HTTP")
  Rel(gateway, productSvc, "Routes to", "HTTP")
  Rel(gateway, userSvc, "Routes to", "HTTP")

  Rel(orderSvc, orderDb, "Reads/writes", "SQL")
  Rel(productSvc, productDb, "Reads/writes", "MongoDB")
  Rel(userSvc, userDb, "Reads/writes", "SQL")
  Rel(userSvc, cache, "Caches sessions", "Redis")

  Rel(orderSvc, payment, "Charges cards", "REST")
  Rel(orderSvc, shipping, "Gets rates", "REST")

  UpdateLayoutConfig($c4ShapeInRow="4", $c4BoundaryInRow="1")

Event-Driven Architecture Example

C4Container
  title Event-Driven Order Processing

  Container(orderSvc, "Order Service", "Java", "Accepts orders")
  Container(inventorySvc, "Inventory Service", "Go", "Manages stock")
  Container(paymentSvc, "Payment Service", "Node.js", "Processes payments")
  Container(notificationSvc, "Notification Service", "Python", "Sends emails/SMS")

  ContainerQueue(orderCreated, "order.created", "Kafka", "New order events")
  ContainerQueue(paymentProcessed, "payment.processed", "Kafka", "Payment events")
  ContainerQueue(orderFulfilled, "order.fulfilled", "Kafka", "Fulfillment events")

  Rel(orderSvc, orderCreated, "Publishes", "Avro")
  Rel(inventorySvc, orderCreated, "Consumes", "Avro")
  Rel(paymentSvc, orderCreated, "Consumes", "Avro")

  Rel(paymentSvc, paymentProcessed, "Publishes", "Avro")
  Rel(orderSvc, paymentProcessed, "Consumes", "Avro")

  Rel(inventorySvc, orderFulfilled, "Publishes", "Avro")
  Rel(notificationSvc, orderFulfilled, "Consumes", "Avro")

  UpdateLayoutConfig($c4ShapeInRow="4")

AWS Deployment Example

C4Deployment
  title Production Deployment - AWS

  Deployment_Node(cdn, "CloudFront", "CDN") {
    Container(static, "Static Assets", "S3", "HTML/CSS/JS")
  }

  Deployment_Node(vpc, "VPC", "10.0.0.0/16") {
    Deployment_Node(publicSubnet, "Public Subnet", "10.0.1.0/24") {
      Deployment_Node(alb, "Application Load Balancer", "ALB") {
        Container(lb, "Load Balancer", "AWS ALB", "Routes traffic")
      }
    }

    Deployment_Node(privateSubnet, "Private Subnet", "10.0.2.0/24") {
      Deployment_Node(ecs, "ECS Cluster", "Fargate") {
        Container(api1, "API Instance 1", "Node.js", "REST API")
        Container(api2, "API Instance 2", "Node.js", "REST API")
      }

      Deployment_Node(rds, "RDS", "Multi-AZ") {
        ContainerDb(primary, "Primary DB", "PostgreSQL", "Main database")
        ContainerDb(replica, "Read Replica", "PostgreSQL", "Read scaling")
      }
    }
  }

  Rel(cdn, alb, "Forwards requests", "HTTPS")
  Rel(lb, api1, "Routes to", "HTTP")
  Rel(lb, api2, "Routes to", "HTTP")
  Rel(api1, primary, "Writes to", "JDBC")
  Rel(api2, replica, "Reads from", "JDBC")

Mermaid Limitations

The following PlantUML C4 features are not yet supported in Mermaid:

Unsupported Features

• sprite - Custom icons
• tags - Element tagging
• link - Clickable links
• Legend - Auto-generated legends
• AddElementTag / AddRelTag - Tag styling
• RoundedBoxShape / EightSidedShape - Custom shapes
• DashedLine / DottedLine / BoldLine - Line styles
• Layout directives (Lay_U, Lay_D, Lay_L, Lay_R)

Workarounds

Layout Control: Use UpdateLayoutConfig to control shape positioning instead of layout directives.

Overlapping Labels: Use UpdateRelStyle with $offsetX and $offsetY to move relationship labels.

Complex Diagrams: Keep diagrams under 15 elements. Split complex architectures into multiple focused diagrams.

Element Ordering: Elements appear in the order they are defined. Reorder statements to adjust layout.

Alternative Tools

For features Mermaid doesn't support, consider:

• Structurizr DSL - Full C4 support with model-based generation
• C4-PlantUML - More mature C4 implementation
• IcePanel - Visual C4 diagram editor